Sheldon cohen in 1983, this 4, 10, or 14 point questionnaire assesses how in control of their lives subjects have felt over the last month. It is a 10 item scale measuring the perception of stress on a 5 point scale from never to quite often. Mothers who breastfed had significantly less perceived stress in the month preceding the test than did the those who bottle fed. Perceived stress scale 4 item the questions in this scale ask you about your feelings and thoughts during the last month. Validation of the 10item chinese perceived stress scale. One psychological instrument that has been applied to measure stress in indigenous populations is the perceived stress scale pss. The scale assesses the degree to which situations are appraised as stressful during the previous month. The perceived stress scale pss10 in women experiencing. This article presents data on the perceived stress scale, a 14 item measure of the degree to which situations in ones life are appraised as stressful.
This can increase buyin to home visiting because it helps the family take part in setting the agenda for the home visit. Pss items were designed to tap the degree to which respondents found their lives unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overload ing. As noted above, the pss is a 14 item selfreport measure of perceived stress. Note that this is the only approval letter you will get. This study aimed to validate a simplified chinese version of the 14 item perceived stress scale cpss 14 for use with chinese population and clarify its reliability and validity.
Therefore, in order to identify these factors and their impact on mental health, the present study compares the pss4 results among three european countries great. Negative worded items were recoded during analysis. This study was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the french versions of the perceived stress scale pss and to compare the appropriateness of the three versions of this scale 14 items,10 items, or 4 items in a sample of workers. Because of increased stress conditions in college students, updated psychometrics of the perceived stress scale, 10. The second is the coddingtons life events scale for adolescents clesa,18 which assesses positive and negative life events that are relevant to adolescents. Perceived stress scale 14 pss 14 to assess stress level, and adolescent coping orientation for problem experiences acope to assess the students coping strategies. The pss4 uses a 5point likerttype scale and asks participants how frequently they. Perceived stress scale 4 pss 4 instructions the questions in this scale ask you about your feelings and thoughts during the last month.
There are two shorter versions, one consisting of 10 items and another of 4 items for telephone interviews. Of these 45 of 100 45% were male and 55 of 100 55% were female. Pss items were designed to tap the degree to which respondents found their. Thus, the purposes of this representative study were to psychometrically evaluate the pss10, and to provide norm values for the german population. Perceived stress scale sheldon cohen the perceived stress scale pss is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. Factor structure of the perceived stress scale10 pss. Perceived stress scale, pss usefulness to practitioners the pss provides an opportunity to understand how a family sees their own strengths and challenges in managing stress. Psychometric evaluation and normative data of the swedish. The 10 and 14 item selfreport instruments have established reliability and validity r0. Scores ranging from 1426 would be considered moderate stress. The original pss consist of 14 items that are purported to form a unidimensional scale of global perceived stress. Perceived stress scale an overview sciencedirect topics. The short four item scale of the perceived stress scale was used for this study cohen, 1994. The original instrument is a 14 item scale pss 14 that was developed in english cohen et al.
The perceived stress scale pss is a globally used and selfreport scale measuring perceived stress. The perceived stress scale pss is a classic stress assessment instrument. Results supported a twofactor model negative, positive with equivalent response patterns and item intercepts but different factor covariances across languages. Internal consistency reliability of the perceived stress scale 10 total and subscale scores was good in both language groups. The perceived stress scale is a way to quantify perception of stress. The questions in this scale ask you about your feelings and thoughts during the last month. If you are a student, a teacher, or are otherwise using the perceived stress scale pss. The pss is a 10 item questionnaire to measure the selfreported level of stress in the respondents by assessing feelings and thoughts during the last month. The present study evaluated the factor structure, factorial invariance, internal consistency, and convergent validity of the 10 item perceived stress scale in a large scale sample of u. Questions are directed on feelings and thoughts during the last month. A sample of 835 chinese medical residents were asked to complete the cpss 14, zung selfrating depression scale sds, and zung selfrating anxiety scale sas. Motivation to change is linked to desire, ability, reasons, and need to make change.
The perceived stress scale is a 14 item measure of the degree to which situations in ones life are appraised as stressful with responses rated on a 5point likert scale 0 never to 4 very often. May 27, 2019 this study aimed to validate a simplified chinese version of the 14 item perceived stress scale cpss 14 for use with chinese population and clarify its reliability and validity. Now add up your scores for each item to get a total. Psychometric analysis of the tenitem perceived stress scale. Permission for use of the perceived stress scale i apologize for this automated reply. Respondents scores on the pss14 are intended to be compared to the larger sample. The original pss consists of 14 items that are purported to form a unidimensional scale of global perceived stress. One of the most widely disseminated methods of assessing psychological stress is the perceived stress scale pss4. Later the authors reported the shortened 10 item version pss10 as psychometrically superior to the ori. Contrasting the hassle scale and the perceived stress scale. Three versions of pss pss 14, pss10 and pss4 are available which comprise 14, 10 and 4 items respectively. Pss 14 items were responded to on a fivepoint likert scale 0 not at all, 1 rarely, 2 sometimes, 3 fairly often, 4 very often.
Psychometric analysis of the tenitem perceived stress scale john m. Although scores on the 14 item pss tend to exhibit good reliability estimates across the literature, four of the items tend to perform poorly when evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. Dec 23, 2011 because of increased stress conditions in college students, updated psychometrics of the perceived stress scale, 10. Cohen and colleagues developed the original 14 item english version of the perceived stress scale pss 14 as a global measure of stress by asking respondents to. Perceived stress scale by sheldon cohen the perceived stress scale pss is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. In each case, please indicate your response by placing an x over the square representing how often you felt or thought a certain way. Psychometric properties of the perceived stress scale in a.
The scale also includes a number of direct queries about current levels of experienced stress. A 14 item scale for measuring the degree to which situations in ones life are appraised as stressful. These scales are intended to be used in screening for risk or for research purposes. Positively worded items are reverse scored, and the ratings are summed, with higher scores indicating more perceived stress. Originally, this selfreport scale comprised 14 items. Positively worded subscale score of the perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior, 24, 385396 full text article cohen, s.
The pss 14 was responded by 364 out of the 367 pregnant women. Among these, pss is the most widely used such as in studies assessing stressfulness of events, physical and psychiatric diseases and stress management programs 6 14. Perceived stress scale, pss value to families creates open dialogue about stress and may uncover unmet needs that a family can get support around. Items were designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and. American psychologist, 41, 716719 full text article cohen s and williamson gm 1988. Perceived stress and coping strategies among newly nurse. Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale article pdf available in asian nursing research 64. Simplified diagram of the bifactor model a, one factor model b, and two factor model c for the 14 item perceived stress scale pss. Participants were 281 undergraduates at 3 public universities. The perceived stress scale pss is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. Items were designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. Perceived stress scale scoring each item is rated on a 5point scale ranging from never 0 to almost always 4. Results revealed have that the percentage of stress level was higher in students among level five, with illiterate and non.
Reliability and validity of the 4 item perceived stress scale among pregnant women. A 14item scale for measuring the degree to which situations in ones life are appraised as stressful. Each item is rated on a five point likertlike scale 0 never to 4 very often. Pss14, pss14 questionnaire a 14 item selfreport questionnaire that utilizes a 5point likert scale rating system to assess an individuals perception of the stressfulness of. Respondents scores on the pss 14 are intended to be compared to the larger sample. It is a measure of the degree to which situations in ones life are appraised as stressful. Psychometric analysis of the ten item perceived stress scale john m. Scores are obtained by reverse scoring the positively stated items 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, and and then summing the scores across all 14 items.
Psychometric properties of the perceived stress scale in. Each item is scored from 0 never to 5 very often with a range of 0 to 40 for the total score of the scale. The perceived stress scale pss is a 14 item questionnaire assessing subjective stress 12. The 14 and 10item versions of the scale were assessed using confirmatory factor. An assessment of perceived stress, resilience and mental. It is made up of 7 items with positive content and. The tool, while originally developed in 1983, remains a popular choice for helping us understand how different situations affect our feelings and our perceived stress. Perceived stress scale 14 rehabmeasures database abilitylab. Subjects completed the perceived stress scale and the beck depres sion inventory in a random order. In general, subjects under high levels of perceived stress will have increased hpa activation. Positively worded subscale score of the perceived stress scale is. The 14 and 10 item versions of the scale were assessed using confirmatory factor. Pss was originally developed as a 14 item scale that assess the perception of stressful experiences.
Perceived stress scale 14 questionnaire semantic scholar. May 23, 2016 the perceived stress scale cohen j health soc behav 24. However, the chinese version of the pss has not yet been validated in a large communitybased general population. The perceived stress scale 14 items cohen et al, 1983. Pss10 scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the four positive items.
The results showed that the twofactor model for cpss. Individuals rate items on a 5point likert scale, ranging from 0 never to 4 very often. The 10 item perceived stress scale is widely used to index subjective stress, and the statetrait personality inventory is a 30 item questionnaire assessing anxiety, anger, and curiosity. Reliability and validity of the perceived stress scale10. It provides a less adequate approximation of perceived stress levels than the larger scales. Aug 11, 2011 there are three popular tools for measuring perceived stress. The perceived stress scale consists of 14 items pss14 9, seven. There are three versions of the scale, one with 14 items pss14, corresponding to its complete version, and two reduced versions, with ten pss10 and four items. The perceived stress scale pss is a representative instrument used to measure stress. Six of the fourteen items have negative content 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 14 and the remaining seven have positive content 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10.
However, the german version of the pss10 has not yet been validated. Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Pss 14, pss 14 questionnaire a 14 item selfreport questionnaire that utilizes a 5point likert scale rating system to assess an individuals perception of the stressfulness of. Scores range from 056, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress. Five years after the introduction of the pss 14, it was shortened to 10 items pss10 using factor analysis based on data from.
The perceived stress scale consists of 14 items pss 14, seven positive and seven negative, and was translated into chinese by the research team see additional file 1. The perceived stress scale pss has been translated to several languages and validated in many cultures. The perceived stress scale cohen j health soc behav 24. Correlation analysis and ttests were used to validate the single item stress measure and its association with postmi fatigue.
Care was taken to ensure that each translated item retained a meaning as close as possible to the original version. The pss 12 is a 14 item questionnaire that assesses perceived stress in the past four weeks. Total scores range from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating higher levels of perceived stress. Specifically, items are designed to measure the extent to which ones life is perceived as unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloading cohen et al. Frontiers determining factors for stress perception. Hospital anxiety and depression scale hads the hads is a 14 item selfreport instrument used to assess the level of anxiety 7 item and depression 7 item. A more precise measure of personal stress can be determined by using a variety of instruments that have been. To translate the perceived stress scale versions pss4, 10 and 14 and to assess its psychometric properties in a sample of general greek population. The questions in this scale ask about your feelings and thoughts during the last month. Results indicated that a bifactor model was a closer fit to the data than the twofactor or the onefactor models. In each case, please indicate with a check how often you felt or thought a certain way. The sample consisted of 1,447 pregnant women in sao luis maranhao state and 1,400 in ribeirao preto sao paulo state, brazil. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the united states.
Psychometric validation of the 14item perceived stress scale. Pss was originally developed as a 14item scale that assess. The pss is the most widely used instrument to measure perceived stress, comprising 14 items in its original version pss 14 and was developed based on the theoretical perspective of lazarus. I will not be sending a followup letter or email specifically authorizing you by name to use the scale. Among these, pss is the most widely used such as in studies assessing stressfulness of events, physical and psychiatric diseases and stress management programs 614. Perceived stress scale 4 pss4 ohio nurses association. Psychometric evaluation of the perceived stress scale in multiple. Psychometric validation of the 14item perceived stress. In each case you will be asked to indicate your response by placing an x over the circle representing how often you felt or thought a certain way. The general and group stress and coping factors are not correlated in the bifactor model. Pdf an arabic version of the perceived stress scale. Total scores and both subscales had sufficient reliability and validity for all versions of the pss, although a few items of the 14item pss had low itemtotal. Testretest reliability and predictive validity is strongest for shorter time periods. Stress perception depends on cultural and social aspects that vary from one country to another.