Psychometric analysis of the tenitem perceived stress scale john m. Adapted from the social readjustment rating scale by thomas holmes and richard rahe. Scores range from 056, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress. Your score on this test will help us determine how likely it is that mental and emotional stress are contributing to your condition. The perceived stress scale pss is a globally used and selfreport scale measuring perceived stress. In a similar study, malinauskas 2010 sampled 123 college athletes and administered with social support scale, pss10, and life satisfaction scale.
Perceived stress scale pdf perceived stress scale pdf perceived stress scale pdf download. The holmesrahe life stress inventory the social readjustment. Positively worded items are reverse scored, and the ratings are summed, with higher scores indicating more perceived stress. The perceived stress scale was developed to measure the degree to which situations in ones. Psychometric analysis of the tenitem perceived stress scale. Prior to the development of the pss, assessment of stress tended to focus on objective indicators e. Results found mood and stress collectively predicted injury characteristics. The pss is one of the few instruments to measure a global level of perceived stress, and has been widely used in a range of clinical and research settings. The american institute of stress was founded in yonkers, new york in 1978 and moved to texas in 2012. Sheldon cohen in 1983, this 4, 10, or 14 point questionnaire assesses how in control of their lives subjects have felt over the last month. Student stress scale international association for. Specifically, items are designed to measure the extent to which ones life is perceived as unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloading cohen et al. Holmes rahe stress inventory the american institute of.
Things like bungee jumping that are distressful for some may be pleasurable for others. Because of increased stress conditions in college students. Stress management guidelines adapted by wellcoaches from. The perceived stress scale is a way to quantify perception of stress. Mark down the point value of each of these life events that has happened to you during the previous year. The pss has already been translated into several languages, but there. The perceived stress scale was developed to measure the degree to which situations in ones life are appraised as stressful. Perceived stress scale an overview sciencedirect topics. Items were designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives.
Psychometric properties of the perceived stress scale pss. Motivation to change is linked to desire, ability, reasons, and need to make change. The holmes and rahe stress scale stress management from. Psychological stress has been defined as the extent to which persons perceive appraise that their demands exceed their ability to cope the pss was published in 1983, and has become one of the most widely used psychological instruments for measuring. Perceived stress scale 4 item the questions in this scale ask you about your feelings and thoughts during the last month. Think about your stress bucket the causes and symptoms of your stress and what youre now doing to lower your stress. Mothers who breastfed had significantly less perceived stress in the month preceding the test than did the those who bottle fed. Using a 5 point rating scale, where 1 equals no stress and 5 equals extreme stress, indicate the. Mar 06, 2015 the greek versions of the tsi and the 14item perceived stress scale pss14 were posted on all greek educators official sites during may 2012. Sep 30, 2008 this paper describes the development of a japanese version of the perceived stress scale pss, and examines the equivalence between the original and translated version. The perceived stress scale pss is one of the most highly cited scales for the measurement of the degree to which life appears stressful. Thus, the purposes of this representative study were to psychometrically evaluate the pss10, and to provide norm values for the german.
Secondary traumatic stress scale the following is a list of statements made by persons who have been impacted by their work with traumatized clients. Perceived stress scale pss is a selfreported instrument with 10 items, which is widely used psychological instrument for measuring the degree to which situations in ones life are appraised as stressful cohen et al, 1983. Individuals rate items on a 5point likert scale, ranging from 0 never to 4 very often. In each case you will be asked to indicate your response by placing an x over the circle representing how often you felt or thought a certain way. In each case, please indicate your response by placing an x over the square representing how often you felt or thought a certain way.
The perceived stress scale pss is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. Stress considerably impacts the quality of life worldwide and is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, including increased risk of cardiovascular events, metabolic syndromes, and mortality. Measuring domains and extent of stress in university students. A heterogeneous sample of 96 psychiatric patients 48 men, 48 women completed the. Results found greater perceived stress was associated with. Sheldon cohen, is the most widely used tool in scientific research for assessing the perception of stress. The questions in this scale ask about your feelings and thoughts during the last month.
Similarly, no stressreduction technique works for everyone. Stress management guidelines adapted by wellcoaches from health behavior change, stephen rollnick step 1. Read each statement then indicate how frequently the statement was true for you in the past seven 7. Perceived stress scale 4 pss 4 instructions the questions in this scale ask you about your feelings and thoughts during the last month. Perceived stress scale pdf the perceived stress scale pss is the most widely used psychological instrument for.
It is a measure of the degree to which situations in ones life are. The perceived stress scale pss, created by the psychologist dr. In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in. General andor recent psq scores were associated with trait anxiety tr 0.
A nationwide sample of 3,447 teachers of all levels and specialties completed the questionnaires via the internet. Pdf to translate the perceived stress scale versions pss4, 10 and 14 and to assess its psychometric properties in a sample of general greek. This tool helps us measure the stress load we carry, and think about what we should do about it. The tool, while originally developed in 1983, remains a popular choice for helping. Distributions of psychological stress in the united states in probability samples from 1983, 2006 and 2009. The tool, while originally developed in 1983, remains a popular choice for helping us understand how different situations affect our feelings and our perceived stress. Profit related use of the perceived stress scale requires the permission of both the american sociological association asa and the author s. Stress scales for adults and youth here you can look up representative changes in your life and see how much stress value each of these changes is adding to your life. The holmesrahe life stress inventory the social readjustment rating scale instructions. The illness could be mildfrequent tension headaches, acid indigestion, loss of sleep to more serious problems like ulcers, migraines, lower back pain, etc. The original version had 14 items asking participants to rate their stress over the past month 4, with seven items negatively stated and seven items positively stated. The perceived stress scale was developed by sheldon cohen and his colleagues. Obtaining a copy a copy can be found in the original article published by developers 2.
Measurement of perceived stress among pregnant women. Measurement invariance, stability, and validity in three countries article pdf available in psychological assessment 231. Reliability was determined by the calculation of cronbachs alpha coefficient. In the following table you can look up representative changes in your life and see how much stress value each of these changes is adding to your life. May 23, 2016 the perceived stress scale cohen j health soc behav 24. Those with a high level of workplace stress are also less. In lasa, the perceived stress scale pss is used to measure perceived. Coping should be a breeze, but you probably have a tough day now and then. As of august 2015, the paper by sheldon and colleagues 1983 has been cited nearly 5000 times. Purpose the purpose of this study was to examine the measurement invariance of. Perceived stress scale by sheldon cohen the perceived stress scale pss is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress.
This can increase buyin to home visiting because it helps the family take part in setting the agenda for the home visit. Child and family health, family relationships standardized. Stress in the workplace american psychological association. In general, subjects under high levels of perceived stress will have increased hpa activation. Interpreting workplace stress scale scores total score of 15 or lower 33% of us are in this category.
Jan, 2015 the pss14 is comprised of 14 items intended to measure how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded individuals find their life circumstances. To what extent, if any, do these apply to you in your role of care giving to your spouse or relative. The stress scales author title of the scale holmes and rahe 1967 social readjustment rating scale cohen et al. Academic commitments, financial pressures, and the lack of time management skills have resulted in many university students experiencing intense stress at predictable times during each semester. Perceived stress scale pss measurement instrument database. It is a measure of the degree to which situations in ones life are appraised as stressful. The perceived stress scale pss was developed by sheldon cohen in 1983 and validated in multiracial, ethnic, and gender populations and in pregnant women 18, 28. Cesare balbo 43 00184 rome, italy scoring in order to complete the psq, respondents receive one of two sets of scoring instructions. Rate your current stress level on the scale of 110 below. Stress management guidelines adapted by wellcoaches. We also examined predictive validity of the pss by assessing the association between the perceived stress scale and the beck depression inventory. In each case, please indicate with a check how often you felt or thought a certain way. Perceived stress scale, pss usefulness to practitioners the pss provides an opportunity to understand how a family sees their own strengths and challenges in managing stress.
Psychometric evaluation of the perceived stress scale in. The following questions ask about your feelings and thoughts during the. Thus, the purposes of this representative study were to psychometrically evaluate the pss10, and to provide norm values for the german population. The social readjustment rating scale srrs, more commonly known as the holmes and rahe stress scale, was created to do just that. The pss14 is comprised of 14 items intended to measure how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded individuals find their life circumstances.
Your tax deductible gift allows us to continue helping you along with service members and civilians navigate stressful situations to have a happier, more rewarding life. This paper describes the development of a japanese version of the perceived stress scale pss, and examines the equivalence between the original and translated version. In this study, the choice was between two instruments to measure perceived stress among pregnant women 26, 27, both developed and previously validated to measure perceived stress. Perceived stress scale, pss value to families creates open dialogue about stress and may uncover unmet needs that a family can get support around. Perceived stress scale scoring each item is rated on a 5point scale ranging from never 0 to almost always 4. Pss10 scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the four positive items. In my opinion, it is very important for undergraduate students to learn how to manage the academic stress, even if it cannot be eliminated. The greek versions of the tsi and the 14item perceived stress scale pss14 were posted on all greek educators official sites during may 2012. The present study sought to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the perceived stress scale pss when administered to psychiatric patients. The perceived stress scale cohen j health soc behav 24. Holmesrahe social readjustment rating scale, journal of psychosomatic research. Items were designed to assess how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives to be.
The questions in this scale ask you about your feelings and thoughts during the last month. Stress can also lead to mental illness which is a burden for the individual but may also cause serious productivity losses with societal implications. However, the german version of the pss10 has not yet been validated. This article looks at the holmes and rahe stress scale, and explains how you can use it to manage the stress in your life. The construct validity of the perceived stress scale. Althoughadditionalresearchis neededtodefinethese relationshi ps. Some people report feelings of stress surrounding certain aspects of care giving.
The perceived stress scale is a questionnaire used to. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the united states. The perceived stress scale pss is a classic stress assessment instrument. The 10item perceived stress scale is widely used to index subjective stress, and the statetrait personality inventory is a 30item questionnaire assessing anxiety, anger, and curiosity.